Rack of Ethernet switches.

Visualizing Log Patterns with Color

Nginx and Apache Logs in Color

Web server logs reveal patterns of activity by web crawlers. Some are indexing crawlers operated by search engines, some are mysterious. Another pattern is systematic blind searches for vulnerable server-side executables or other configuration problems. The pattern you want to see is the interested user who follows some path through the hyperlinks on your site, taking time to read the pages.

Maybe we could use color to help spot these patterns?

Maybe...

First, let's look at the result, then the explanation comes later. Here are the most recent client requests, starting most recent first. Your request for this page won't appear there as it isn't complete by the time this page was automatically generated with PHP. But if you reload the page you should see your initial request near the top.

68.192.238.64 US, United States 28/Aug/2025:22:20:12 /travel/romania/bucharest/?s=mb
52.167.144.187 US, United States 28/Aug/2025:22:19:54 /cybersecurity/physical.html
114.119.130.178 CN, China 28/Aug/2025:22:19:53 /travel/france/canal-du-midi/colombiers-to-le-somail.html
104.28.40.174 US, United States 28/Aug/2025:22:19:45 /travel/iceland/akureyri-siglufjordhur/
142.44.228.59 CA, Canada 28/Aug/2025:22:19:44 /travel/chile/eclipse/
152.53.107.24 US, United States 28/Aug/2025:22:19:30 /travel/greece/greek-mainland.html?s=mb
143.244.191.19 US, United States 28/Aug/2025:22:19:27 /travel/greece/greek-mainland.html?s=mb
184.146.173.82 CA, Canada 28/Aug/2025:22:19:22 /travel/greece/greek-mainland.html?s=mb
216.73.216.141 US, United States 28/Aug/2025:22:19:15 /open-source/uefi.html
216.73.216.141 US, United States 28/Aug/2025:22:19:15 /open-source/tux-gospel.html
36.230.36.4 TW, Taiwan 28/Aug/2025:22:18:54 /travel/greece/greek-mainland.html?s=mb
146.190.252.12 US, United States 28/Aug/2025:22:18:53 /travel/japan/ise/inner-shrine.html?s=mb
192.210.203.52 US, United States 28/Aug/2025:22:18:44 /travel/greece/greek-mainland.html?s=mb
143.198.29.133 US, United States 28/Aug/2025:22:18:43 /travel/greece/greek-mainland.html?s=mb
128.0.64.88 NL, Netherlands 28/Aug/2025:22:18:42 /travel/greece/greek-mainland.html?s=mb
18.134.159.123 US, United States 28/Aug/2025:22:18:38 /travel/greece/greek-mainland.html?s=mb
213.180.203.37 RU, Russian Federation 28/Aug/2025:22:18:38 /travel/greece/meteora.html
114.119.135.251 CN, China 28/Aug/2025:22:18:29 /travel/france/canal-du-midi/la-redorte-to-trebes.html
216.73.216.141 US, United States 28/Aug/2025:22:18:17 /open-source/missing-gtk-modules.html
216.73.216.141 US, United States 28/Aug/2025:22:18:17 /open-source/migrate-rhel-to-centos.html
68.192.238.64 US, United States 28/Aug/2025:22:18:15 /travel/japan/kofun/empress-iwa-no-hime.html?s=mb
43.130.254.15 JP, Japan 28/Aug/2025:22:18:10 /
43.156.97.26 JP, Japan 28/Aug/2025:22:18:08 /
66.249.79.7 US, United States 28/Aug/2025:22:18:03 /cybersecurity/
52.167.144.146 US, United States 28/Aug/2025:22:17:59 /travel/uk/orkney-sousterrain/
52.167.144.187 US, United States 28/Aug/2025:22:17:55 /open-source/thunderbird-default-browser.html
35.153.211.122 US, United States 28/Aug/2025:22:17:39 /cybersecurity/verify-digital-signature.html
216.73.216.141 US, United States 28/Aug/2025:22:17:25 /open-source/mod-26-keypunch.html
216.73.216.141 US, United States 28/Aug/2025:22:17:25 /open-source/font-config-warnings.html
72.14.201.202 US, United States 28/Aug/2025:22:17:10 /travel/usa/new-york-skate-manhattan/
85.54.157.186 ES, Spain 28/Aug/2025:22:17:10 /travel/usa/national-christmas-tree/?s=mb
114.119.129.189 CN, China 28/Aug/2025:22:17:06 /travel/france/flaneur-canal-saint-martin/
216.73.216.141 US, United States 28/Aug/2025:22:17:01 /open-source/linux-break-in-howto.html
216.73.216.141 US, United States 28/Aug/2025:22:17:01 /open-source/raspberry-pi/openvas.html
188.213.173.235 IT, Italy 28/Aug/2025:22:17:00 /travel/usa/national-christmas-tree/?s=mb
213.230.211.81 GB, United Kingdom 28/Aug/2025:22:16:59 /travel/usa/national-christmas-tree/?s=mb
62.20.8.34 SE, Sweden 28/Aug/2025:22:16:55 /travel/usa/national-christmas-tree/?s=mb
18.119.115.40 US, United States 28/Aug/2025:22:16:54 /cybersecurity/verify-digital-signature.html
185.244.149.27 RO, Romania 28/Aug/2025:22:16:54 /travel/usa/national-christmas-tree/?s=mb
144.76.119.218 DE, Germany 28/Aug/2025:22:16:51 /travel/usa/national-christmas-tree/?s=mb
159.196.179.215 AU, Australia 28/Aug/2025:22:16:51 /travel/usa/national-christmas-tree/?s=mb
45.76.14.84 US, United States 28/Aug/2025:22:16:49 /travel/usa/national-christmas-tree/?s=mb
82.64.186.200 FR, France 28/Aug/2025:22:16:49 /travel/usa/national-christmas-tree/?s=mb
81.242.255.177 BE, Belgium 28/Aug/2025:22:16:48 /travel/usa/national-christmas-tree/?s=mb
89.58.54.79 DE, Germany 28/Aug/2025:22:16:48 /travel/usa/national-christmas-tree/?s=mb
168.119.182.123 US, United States 28/Aug/2025:22:16:48 /travel/usa/national-christmas-tree/?s=mb
64.30.78.49 US, United States 28/Aug/2025:22:16:48 /travel/usa/national-christmas-tree/?s=mb
216.243.103.173 US, United States 28/Aug/2025:22:16:48 /travel/usa/national-christmas-tree/?s=mb
73.164.13.49 US, United States 28/Aug/2025:22:16:47 /travel/usa/national-christmas-tree/?s=mb
84.84.21.80 NL, Netherlands 28/Aug/2025:22:16:47 /travel/usa/national-christmas-tree/?s=mb
66.76.189.5 US, United States 28/Aug/2025:22:16:47 /travel/usa/national-christmas-tree/?s=mb
178.174.146.11 SE, Sweden 28/Aug/2025:22:16:47 /travel/usa/national-christmas-tree/?s=mb
87.143.183.160 DE, Germany 28/Aug/2025:22:16:47 /travel/usa/national-christmas-tree/?s=mb
178.156.162.151 RO, Romania 28/Aug/2025:22:16:42 /travel/usa/national-christmas-tree/?s=mb
108.221.46.28 US, United States 28/Aug/2025:22:16:42 /travel/usa/national-christmas-tree/?s=mb
66.249.79.5 US, United States 28/Aug/2025:22:16:40 /travel/japan/aizu-wakamatsu/aizu-wakamatsu/
185.189.50.133 SE, Sweden 28/Aug/2025:22:16:40 /travel/usa/national-christmas-tree/?s=mb
164.90.219.236 US, United States 28/Aug/2025:22:16:40 /travel/usa/national-christmas-tree/?s=mb
116.203.254.92 IN, India 28/Aug/2025:22:16:39 /travel/usa/national-christmas-tree/?s=mb
51.79.230.36 FR, France 28/Aug/2025:22:16:39 /travel/usa/national-christmas-tree/?s=mb
66.228.46.8 US, United States 28/Aug/2025:22:16:36 /travel/usa/national-christmas-tree/?s=mb
67.171.65.96 US, United States 28/Aug/2025:22:16:35 /travel/usa/national-christmas-tree/?s=mb
71.115.240.201 US, United States 28/Aug/2025:22:16:34 /travel/usa/national-christmas-tree/?s=mb
89.117.77.241 LT, Lithuania 28/Aug/2025:22:16:32 /travel/usa/national-christmas-tree/?s=mb
108.181.94.146 CA, Canada 28/Aug/2025:22:16:31 /travel/usa/national-christmas-tree/?s=mb
46.4.252.37 DE, Germany 28/Aug/2025:22:16:31 /travel/usa/national-christmas-tree/?s=mb
23.121.193.167 US, United States 28/Aug/2025:22:16:30 /travel/usa/national-christmas-tree/?s=mb
57.128.95.182 BE, Belgium 28/Aug/2025:22:16:30 /travel/usa/national-christmas-tree/?s=mb
116.203.225.209 IN, India 28/Aug/2025:22:16:28 /travel/usa/national-christmas-tree/?s=mb
68.192.238.64 US, United States 28/Aug/2025:22:16:27 /travel/italy/umbria/?s=mb
95.215.204.165 RU, Russian Federation 28/Aug/2025:22:16:26 /open-source/pdf-not-authorized.html
45.134.140.138 Unknown 28/Aug/2025:22:16:26 /travel/usa/national-christmas-tree/?s=mb
167.114.210.105 CA, Canada 28/Aug/2025:22:16:24 /travel/usa/national-christmas-tree/?s=mb
176.139.184.22 FR, France 28/Aug/2025:22:16:23 /travel/usa/national-christmas-tree/?s=mb
74.7.35.123 US, United States 28/Aug/2025:22:16:23 /travel/france/flaneur-canal-saint-martin/
141.95.205.41 GB, United Kingdom 28/Aug/2025:22:16:23 /travel/usa/national-christmas-tree/?s=mb
66.61.67.204 US, United States 28/Aug/2025:22:16:23 /travel/usa/national-christmas-tree/?s=mb
57.128.95.175 BE, Belgium 28/Aug/2025:22:16:21 /travel/usa/national-christmas-tree/?s=mb
5.196.149.159 FR, France 28/Aug/2025:22:16:21 /travel/usa/national-christmas-tree/?s=mb
138.201.121.237 DE, Germany 28/Aug/2025:22:16:19 /travel/usa/national-christmas-tree/?s=mb
66.249.79.7 US, United States 28/Aug/2025:22:16:19 /open-source/windows-xp-with-office-2007.html
65.109.14.177 US, United States 28/Aug/2025:22:16:18 /travel/usa/national-christmas-tree/?s=mb
5.75.203.4 IR, Iran, Islamic Republic of 28/Aug/2025:22:16:18 /travel/usa/national-christmas-tree/?s=mb
37.187.119.102 FR, France 28/Aug/2025:22:16:17 /travel/usa/national-christmas-tree/?s=mb
107.140.3.58 US, United States 28/Aug/2025:22:16:16 /travel/usa/national-christmas-tree/?s=mb
173.249.6.12 DE, Germany 28/Aug/2025:22:16:15 /travel/usa/national-christmas-tree/?s=mb
57.129.44.149 BE, Belgium 28/Aug/2025:22:16:14 /travel/usa/national-christmas-tree/?s=mb
17.241.75.64 US, United States 28/Aug/2025:22:16:14 /open-source/?s=mb
86.168.236.223 GB, United Kingdom 28/Aug/2025:22:16:14 /travel/usa/national-christmas-tree/?s=mb
160.86.72.157 JP, Japan 28/Aug/2025:22:16:13 /travel/usa/national-christmas-tree/?s=mb
57.128.95.173 BE, Belgium 28/Aug/2025:22:16:12 /travel/usa/national-christmas-tree/?s=mb
150.230.183.187 US, United States 28/Aug/2025:22:16:12 /travel/usa/national-christmas-tree/?s=mb
107.199.111.104 US, United States 28/Aug/2025:22:16:11 /travel/usa/national-christmas-tree/?s=mb
147.135.104.185 US, United States 28/Aug/2025:22:16:11 /travel/usa/national-christmas-tree/?s=mb
135.181.200.233 CA, Canada 28/Aug/2025:22:16:11 /travel/france/normandy/utah-beach.html?s=mb
138.199.43.101 EU, Europe 28/Aug/2025:22:16:11 /travel/usa/national-christmas-tree/?s=mb
173.206.228.63 CA, Canada 28/Aug/2025:22:16:10 /travel/usa/national-christmas-tree/?s=mb
82.165.230.72 DE, Germany 28/Aug/2025:22:16:10 /travel/usa/national-christmas-tree/?s=mb
104.128.58.105 US, United States 28/Aug/2025:22:16:09 /travel/usa/national-christmas-tree/?s=mb
94.72.100.199 PL, Poland 28/Aug/2025:22:16:09 /travel/usa/national-christmas-tree/?s=mb
205.166.94.38 US, United States 28/Aug/2025:22:16:08 /travel/usa/national-christmas-tree/?s=mb
86.238.174.79 FR, France 28/Aug/2025:22:16:08 /travel/usa/national-christmas-tree/?s=mb
207.89.120.33 DE, Germany 28/Aug/2025:22:16:07 /travel/usa/national-christmas-tree/?s=mb
216.73.216.141 US, United States 28/Aug/2025:22:16:07 /open-source/
216.73.216.141 US, United States 28/Aug/2025:22:16:06 /open-source/ssh/
216.73.216.141 US, United States 28/Aug/2025:22:16:06 /robots.txt
51.161.143.213 FR, France 28/Aug/2025:22:16:02 /blog/2023/01/03-whats-up-with-my-social-media.html
51.38.58.183 FR, France 28/Aug/2025:22:16:02 /blog/2023/01/03-whats-up-with-my-social-media.html
76.94.210.110 US, United States 28/Aug/2025:22:16:01 /blog/2023/01/03-whats-up-with-my-social-media.html
51.161.143.213 FR, France 28/Aug/2025:22:16:01 /
108.28.31.3 US, United States 28/Aug/2025:22:16:01 /travel/usa/national-christmas-tree/?s=mb
76.94.210.110 US, United States 28/Aug/2025:22:16:01 /
51.38.58.183 FR, France 28/Aug/2025:22:16:01 /
157.90.251.226 US, United States 28/Aug/2025:22:16:01 /blog/2023/01/03-whats-up-with-my-social-media.html
129.80.112.139 US, United States 28/Aug/2025:22:16:00 /travel/usa/national-christmas-tree/?s=mb
18.204.254.202 US, United States 28/Aug/2025:22:16:00 /travel/usa/national-christmas-tree/?s=mb
157.90.251.226 US, United States 28/Aug/2025:22:16:00 /
152.53.18.248 US, United States 28/Aug/2025:22:16:00 /travel/usa/national-christmas-tree/?s=mb
143.198.79.65 US, United States 28/Aug/2025:22:15:59 /travel/usa/national-christmas-tree/?s=mb
114.119.152.134 CN, China 28/Aug/2025:22:15:46 /travel/france/jim-morrison-paris.html
134.22.73.80 CA, Canada 28/Aug/2025:22:15:38 /travel/japan/tokyo-ueno/?s=mb
41.203.77.202 NG, Nigeria 28/Aug/2025:22:15:36 /cybersecurity/privacy-policy.html
72.14.199.101 US, United States 28/Aug/2025:22:15:26 /open-source/performance-tuning/ethernet.html
85.208.96.210 Unknown 28/Aug/2025:22:15:24 /travel/france/canal-du-midi/sauzen-to-castelnaudary.html
185.191.171.13 MD, Moldova, Republic of 28/Aug/2025:22:15:23 /robots.txt
137.184.42.4 US, United States 28/Aug/2025:22:15:22 /travel/usa/national-christmas-tree/?s=mb
88.99.84.134 DE, Germany 28/Aug/2025:22:15:21 /travel/usa/national-christmas-tree/?s=mb
51.77.122.82 FR, France 28/Aug/2025:22:15:20 /travel/usa/national-christmas-tree/?s=mb
198.55.98.2 US, United States 28/Aug/2025:22:15:16 /travel/china/hong-kong.html
5.75.243.239 IR, Iran, Islamic Republic of 28/Aug/2025:22:15:16 /travel/usa/national-christmas-tree/?s=mb
109.70.142.62 GB, United Kingdom 28/Aug/2025:22:15:15 /travel/usa/national-christmas-tree/?s=mb
37.27.222.192 IR, Iran, Islamic Republic of 28/Aug/2025:22:15:15 /travel/usa/national-christmas-tree/?s=mb
119.17.159.140 AU, Australia 28/Aug/2025:22:15:13 /travel/usa/national-christmas-tree/?s=mb
194.71.11.41 SE, Sweden 28/Aug/2025:22:15:13 /travel/usa/national-christmas-tree/?s=mb
152.53.90.138 US, United States 28/Aug/2025:22:15:12 /travel/usa/national-christmas-tree/?s=mb
192.210.203.52 US, United States 28/Aug/2025:22:15:11 /travel/france/flaneur-seine-banks/?s=mb
77.48.28.218 CZ, Czech Republic 28/Aug/2025:22:15:10 /travel/usa/national-christmas-tree/?s=mb
185.54.92.15 NL, Netherlands 28/Aug/2025:22:15:10 /travel/usa/national-christmas-tree/?s=mb
161.35.8.200 US, United States 28/Aug/2025:22:15:10 /travel/usa/national-christmas-tree/?s=mb
173.180.111.175 CA, Canada 28/Aug/2025:22:15:10 /travel/usa/national-christmas-tree/?s=mb
85.119.80.254 GB, United Kingdom 28/Aug/2025:22:15:09 /travel/usa/national-christmas-tree/?s=mb
62.210.129.131 FR, France 28/Aug/2025:22:15:09 /travel/usa/national-christmas-tree/?s=mb
65.109.49.87 US, United States 28/Aug/2025:22:15:09 /travel/usa/national-christmas-tree/?s=mb
91.2.116.48 DE, Germany 28/Aug/2025:22:15:09 /travel/usa/national-christmas-tree/?s=mb
37.27.162.26 IR, Iran, Islamic Republic of 28/Aug/2025:22:15:08 /travel/usa/national-christmas-tree/?s=mb
213.133.120.43 DE, Germany 28/Aug/2025:22:15:08 /travel/usa/national-christmas-tree/?s=mb
174.136.148.94 US, United States 28/Aug/2025:22:15:08 /travel/usa/national-christmas-tree/?s=mb
184.146.173.82 CA, Canada 28/Aug/2025:22:15:08 /travel/france/flaneur-seine-banks/?s=mb
18.221.193.45 US, United States 28/Aug/2025:22:15:08 /travel/usa/national-christmas-tree/?s=mb
36.230.36.4 TW, Taiwan 28/Aug/2025:22:15:06 /travel/france/flaneur-seine-banks/?s=mb
94.130.165.224 DE, Germany 28/Aug/2025:22:15:06 /travel/usa/national-christmas-tree/?s=mb
185.232.71.82 AT, Austria 28/Aug/2025:22:15:06 /travel/usa/national-christmas-tree/?s=mb
172.99.249.15 US, United States 28/Aug/2025:22:15:06 /travel/usa/national-christmas-tree/?s=mb
108.202.149.70 US, United States 28/Aug/2025:22:15:05 /travel/usa/national-christmas-tree/?s=mb
141.95.205.35 GB, United Kingdom 28/Aug/2025:22:15:05 /travel/usa/national-christmas-tree/?s=mb
51.75.129.125 FR, France 28/Aug/2025:22:15:05 /travel/usa/national-christmas-tree/?s=mb
143.223.185.181 US, United States 28/Aug/2025:22:15:05 /travel/usa/national-christmas-tree/?s=mb
204.238.213.138 US, United States 28/Aug/2025:22:15:05 /travel/usa/national-christmas-tree/?s=mb
51.75.127.208 FR, France 28/Aug/2025:22:15:05 /travel/usa/national-christmas-tree/?s=mb
154.26.155.147 US, United States 28/Aug/2025:22:15:04 /travel/usa/national-christmas-tree/?s=mb
157.245.69.144 US, United States 28/Aug/2025:22:15:04 /travel/usa/national-christmas-tree/?s=mb
192.99.237.212 CA, Canada 28/Aug/2025:22:15:03 /travel/usa/national-christmas-tree/?s=mb
23.191.201.5 Unknown 28/Aug/2025:22:15:03 /travel/usa/national-christmas-tree/?s=mb
85.114.140.116 DE, Germany 28/Aug/2025:22:15:03 /travel/usa/national-christmas-tree/?s=mb
137.184.182.149 US, United States 28/Aug/2025:22:15:03 /travel/usa/national-christmas-tree/?s=mb
198.199.76.174 US, United States 28/Aug/2025:22:15:02 /travel/usa/national-christmas-tree/?s=mb
142.132.174.6 CA, Canada 28/Aug/2025:22:15:02 /travel/usa/national-christmas-tree/?s=mb
65.109.234.6 US, United States 28/Aug/2025:22:15:02 /travel/usa/national-christmas-tree/?s=mb
134.22.73.80 CA, Canada 28/Aug/2025:22:15:02 /travel/usa/national-christmas-tree/?s=mb
65.21.211.243 US, United States 28/Aug/2025:22:15:01 /travel/usa/national-christmas-tree/?s=mb
199.247.27.140 NL, Netherlands 28/Aug/2025:22:15:01 /travel/usa/national-christmas-tree/?s=mb
99.9.136.110 US, United States 28/Aug/2025:22:15:01 /travel/usa/national-christmas-tree/?s=mb
152.53.12.184 US, United States 28/Aug/2025:22:15:01 /travel/usa/national-christmas-tree/?s=mb

Here's what's going on.

Each line above is a request from a client, extracted from Nginx's /var/www/logs/httpd-access.log file. The client IP address, timestamp, and requested path were selected with awk and the client IP address converted to a country if possible with geoiplookup.

Geolocate IP

You can use a service such as Abstract's IP geolocation to check if the conversion was successful, or if the client IP address is the exit portal of a VPN.

The first 3 octets or first 24 bits of the IP address are used to specify the hue, with chroma at 75% and intensity at 100%. The resulting red, green, and blue values are scaled to the range of 0-255 and printed as two-character hexadecimal in an HTML style string.

Low-numbered /8 networks appear as red, 20.0.0.0/8 through 40.0.0.0/8 are orange shifting to yellow, 50.0.0.0/8 through 110.0.0.0/8 are shades of green, the /16 networks 130.0.0.0/16 through about 180.0.0.0/16 are shades of blue, then it's shades of purple into magenta for the /24 networks 192.0.0.0/24 and up through 223.255.255.0/24.

The HTML file on the server has a line where PHP uses passthru() to call the following shell script:

#!/bin/sh

# Initial pipeline:
# tail		Just the last 200 (or slightly less after the grep)
# grep		... just the requests out of that
# cat | sort	... put into reverse order
# sed		... remove the quotes and square brackets
# awk		... print the IP address twice, timestamp, and requested path
# sed		... remove the first 3 dots to split first version of IP
#			address into octets, and remove any characters that
#			could cause trouble when inserted into this page
# I need to use the client IP address, field #5 at that point, to call
# geoiplookup.  So, send the initial pipeline into a while loop that
# assigns variables, sets a new variable, and then echoes the resulting
# collection into awk.
tail -200 /var/www/logs/access_log |
	grep 'GET.*200' |
	cat -n | sort -nr |
	sed -e 's/"/ /g' -e 's/\[//g' -e 's/\]//g' |
	awk '{print $2, $2, $5, $8}' |
	sed -e 's/\./ /' -e 's/\./ /' -e 's/\./ /' -e 's/[<>]//g' |
	while read IP1 IP2 IP3 IP4 CLIENTIP TIMESTAMP URL
	do
		COUNTRY=$( geoiplookup $CLIENTIP |
				sed 's/.*Edition: //' |
				sed 's/IP Address not found/Unknown/' )
		echo $IP1 $IP2 $IP3 $IP4 $CLIENTIP $COUNTRY $TIMESTAMP $URL |
		awk '{
			ip1 = $1;
			ip2 = $2;
			ip3 = $3;
			chroma = 0.75;
			hue = 6*(ip1*255*255 + ip2*255 + ip3)/(255*255*255);
			if (hue%2 > 1) {
				x = chroma*(1.0 - (hue%2 - 1));
			} else {
				x = chroma*(1.0 - (1 - hue%2));
			}
			if (hue < 1.0) {
				r = chroma;
				g = x;
				b = 0;
			} else if (hue < 2.0) {
				r = x;
				g = chroma;
				b = 0;
			} else if (hue < 3.0) {
				r = 0;
				g = chroma;
				b = x;
			} else if (hue < 4.0) {
				r = 0;
				g = x;
				b = chroma;
			} else if (hue < 5.0) {
				r = x;
				g = 0;
				b = chroma;
			} else {
				r = chroma;
				g = 0;
				b = x;
			}
			r = (r + 0.25)*255;
			g = (g + 0.25)*255;
			b = (b + 0.25)*255;

			printf("<div class=\"col-12 textleft\" ");
			printf("style=\"color:#000; background:#%02x%02x%02x;\"> ", r, g, b);
			for (i = 5; i <= NF; i++) {
				printf("%s ", $i);
			}
			printf("</div>\n");
		}'
	done 

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