Rack of Ethernet switches.

Visualizing Log Patterns with Color

Nginx and Apache Logs in Color

Web server logs reveal patterns of activity by web crawlers. Some are indexing crawlers operated by search engines, some are mysterious. Another pattern is systematic blind searches for vulnerable server-side executables or other configuration problems. The pattern you want to see is the interested user who follows some path through the hyperlinks on your site, taking time to read the pages.

Maybe we could use color to help spot these patterns?

Maybe...

First, let's look at the result, then the explanation comes later. Here are the most recent client requests, starting most recent first. Your request for this page won't appear there as it isn't complete by the time this page was automatically generated with PHP. But if you reload the page you should see your initial request near the top.

171.33.202.241 GB, United Kingdom 10/Oct/2025:13:19:12 /travel/uk/Index.html
47.128.54.81 CA, Canada 10/Oct/2025:13:19:12 /travel/russia/
157.55.39.200 US, United States 10/Oct/2025:13:19:10 /travel/greece/crete/knossos/
34.174.135.199 US, United States 10/Oct/2025:13:19:00 /travel/usa/new-york-sro-flophouses/
5.255.231.188 RU, Russian Federation 10/Oct/2025:13:18:41 /travel/uk/glastonbury/
57.128.95.174 BE, Belgium 10/Oct/2025:13:17:58 /travel/czech-republic/prague/?s=mb
47.128.54.46 CA, Canada 10/Oct/2025:13:17:57 /cybersecurity/isc2-ccsp/legal.html
108.75.136.206 US, United States 10/Oct/2025:13:17:57 /travel/czech-republic/prague/?s=mb
149.28.78.238 US, United States 10/Oct/2025:13:17:47 /travel/japan/kyoto/temples/?s=mb
92.184.97.7 FR, France 10/Oct/2025:13:17:43 /rss.xml
216.73.216.137 US, United States 10/Oct/2025:13:17:42 /networking/cisco.html
216.73.216.137 US, United States 10/Oct/2025:13:17:42 /networking/vlan.html
90.176.198.161 CZ, Czech Republic 10/Oct/2025:13:17:41 /open-source/samba-active-directory/deployment.html
152.53.179.227 US, United States 10/Oct/2025:13:17:24 /travel/usa/new-york-hp-lovecraft/?s=mb
152.53.179.227 US, United States 10/Oct/2025:13:17:24 /travel/trinidad/background.html?s=mb
199.16.157.182 US, United States 10/Oct/2025:13:17:21 /travel/italy/tuscany/
199.16.157.183 US, United States 10/Oct/2025:13:17:21 /robots.txt
89.117.77.241 LT, Lithuania 10/Oct/2025:13:17:08 /travel/czech-republic/prague/?s=mb
34.133.164.19 US, United States 10/Oct/2025:13:17:06 /travel/czech-republic/prague/?s=mb
116.15.209.138 SG, Singapore 10/Oct/2025:13:17:02 /travel/czech-republic/prague/?s=mb
86.157.37.149 GB, United Kingdom 10/Oct/2025:13:17:01 /travel/czech-republic/prague/?s=mb
95.216.154.135 FI, Finland 10/Oct/2025:13:17:00 /travel/czech-republic/prague/?s=mb
198.16.234.18 CA, Canada 10/Oct/2025:13:17:00 /travel/czech-republic/prague/?s=mb
138.94.57.241 CR, Costa Rica 10/Oct/2025:13:16:59 /travel/czech-republic/prague/?s=mb
135.181.116.160 CA, Canada 10/Oct/2025:13:16:57 /travel/czech-republic/prague/?s=mb
103.108.231.122 AU, Australia 10/Oct/2025:13:16:57 /travel/czech-republic/prague/?s=mb
65.21.15.207 US, United States 10/Oct/2025:13:16:57 /travel/czech-republic/prague/?s=mb
144.126.156.188 US, United States 10/Oct/2025:13:16:55 /travel/czech-republic/prague/?s=mb
95.111.228.19 UA, Ukraine 10/Oct/2025:13:16:53 /travel/czech-republic/prague/?s=mb
65.109.139.101 US, United States 10/Oct/2025:13:16:53 /travel/czech-republic/prague/?s=mb
51.222.43.148 FR, France 10/Oct/2025:13:16:52 /travel/czech-republic/prague/?s=mb
62.171.171.214 GB, United Kingdom 10/Oct/2025:13:16:52 /travel/czech-republic/prague/?s=mb
217.160.252.24 DE, Germany 10/Oct/2025:13:16:51 /travel/czech-republic/prague/?s=mb
135.125.104.28 US, United States 10/Oct/2025:13:16:51 /travel/czech-republic/prague/?s=mb
199.108.225.103 US, United States 10/Oct/2025:13:16:51 /travel/czech-republic/prague/?s=mb
89.58.60.186 DE, Germany 10/Oct/2025:13:16:48 /travel/czech-republic/prague/?s=mb
174.54.82.148 US, United States 10/Oct/2025:13:16:48 /travel/czech-republic/prague/?s=mb
66.61.67.204 US, United States 10/Oct/2025:13:16:45 /travel/czech-republic/prague/?s=mb
87.62.96.29 DK, Denmark 10/Oct/2025:13:16:45 /travel/czech-republic/prague/?s=mb
167.71.11.40 US, United States 10/Oct/2025:13:16:43 /travel/czech-republic/prague/?s=mb
47.128.114.232 CA, Canada 10/Oct/2025:13:16:43 /cybersecurity/stack-hardening.html?s=mc
89.58.54.79 DE, Germany 10/Oct/2025:13:16:42 /travel/czech-republic/prague/?s=mb
144.76.219.20 DE, Germany 10/Oct/2025:13:16:41 /travel/czech-republic/prague/?s=mb
23.92.25.149 US, United States 10/Oct/2025:13:16:39 /travel/czech-republic/prague/?s=mb
212.227.161.44 DE, Germany 10/Oct/2025:13:16:38 /travel/czech-republic/prague/?s=mb
91.190.227.30 DE, Germany 10/Oct/2025:13:16:38 /travel/czech-republic/prague/?s=mb
193.233.244.232 RU, Russian Federation 10/Oct/2025:13:16:38 /travel/czech-republic/prague/?s=mb
5.161.127.39 IR, Iran, Islamic Republic of 10/Oct/2025:13:16:37 /travel/czech-republic/prague/?s=mb
57.128.95.181 BE, Belgium 10/Oct/2025:13:16:37 /travel/czech-republic/prague/?s=mb
91.99.223.140 IR, Iran, Islamic Republic of 10/Oct/2025:13:16:36 /travel/czech-republic/prague/?s=mb
152.53.134.73 US, United States 10/Oct/2025:13:16:35 /travel/czech-republic/prague/?s=mb
45.26.230.243 US, United States 10/Oct/2025:13:16:35 /travel/czech-republic/prague/?s=mb
213.133.101.59 DE, Germany 10/Oct/2025:13:16:34 /travel/czech-republic/prague/?s=mb
73.37.31.12 US, United States 10/Oct/2025:13:16:34 /travel/czech-republic/prague/?s=mb
144.6.228.171 AU, Australia 10/Oct/2025:13:16:31 /travel/czech-republic/prague/?s=mb
24.165.181.223 US, United States 10/Oct/2025:13:16:30 /travel/czech-republic/prague/?s=mb
178.156.185.57 RO, Romania 10/Oct/2025:13:16:30 /travel/czech-republic/prague/?s=mb
50.214.38.138 US, United States 10/Oct/2025:13:16:29 /travel/czech-republic/prague/?s=mb
5.196.80.102 FR, France 10/Oct/2025:13:16:29 /travel/czech-republic/prague/?s=mb
116.203.225.209 IN, India 10/Oct/2025:13:16:29 /travel/czech-republic/prague/?s=mb
147.135.104.186 US, United States 10/Oct/2025:13:16:28 /travel/czech-republic/prague/?s=mb
62.2.156.94 CH, Switzerland 10/Oct/2025:13:16:26 /travel/czech-republic/prague/?s=mb
159.196.179.215 AU, Australia 10/Oct/2025:13:16:25 /travel/czech-republic/prague/?s=mb
46.4.252.155 DE, Germany 10/Oct/2025:13:16:25 /travel/czech-republic/prague/?s=mb
85.89.186.51 PL, Poland 10/Oct/2025:13:16:25 /travel/czech-republic/prague/?s=mb
45.95.175.136 Unknown 10/Oct/2025:13:16:24 /travel/czech-republic/prague/?s=mb
144.6.139.249 AU, Australia 10/Oct/2025:13:16:24 /travel/czech-republic/prague/?s=mb
129.153.11.71 US, United States 10/Oct/2025:13:16:23 /travel/czech-republic/prague/?s=mb
5.161.131.196 IR, Iran, Islamic Republic of 10/Oct/2025:13:16:23 /travel/czech-republic/prague/?s=mb
172.234.27.10 US, United States 10/Oct/2025:13:16:22 /travel/czech-republic/prague/?s=mb
213.133.101.59 DE, Germany 10/Oct/2025:13:16:22 /travel/czech-republic/prague/?s=mb
160.86.72.157 JP, Japan 10/Oct/2025:13:16:21 /travel/czech-republic/prague/?s=mb
195.191.218.211 GB, United Kingdom 10/Oct/2025:13:16:20 /travel/czech-republic/prague/?s=mb
23.81.164.200 US, United States 10/Oct/2025:13:16:20 /travel/czech-republic/prague/?s=mb
185.143.101.23 UA, Ukraine 10/Oct/2025:13:16:20 /travel/czech-republic/prague/?s=mb
213.230.211.81 GB, United Kingdom 10/Oct/2025:13:16:19 /travel/czech-republic/prague/?s=mb
57.128.95.175 BE, Belgium 10/Oct/2025:13:16:19 /travel/czech-republic/prague/?s=mb
152.53.101.158 US, United States 10/Oct/2025:13:16:18 /travel/czech-republic/prague/?s=mb
104.28.196.56 US, United States 10/Oct/2025:13:16:16 /travel/czech-republic/prague/?s=mb
108.181.94.146 CA, Canada 10/Oct/2025:13:16:16 /travel/czech-republic/prague/?s=mb
82.64.84.159 FR, France 10/Oct/2025:13:16:15 /travel/czech-republic/prague/?s=mb
172.105.110.101 US, United States 10/Oct/2025:13:16:15 /travel/czech-republic/prague/?s=mb
80.67.178.40 FR, France 10/Oct/2025:13:16:13 /travel/czech-republic/prague/?s=mb
217.155.114.82 GB, United Kingdom 10/Oct/2025:13:16:13 /travel/czech-republic/prague/?s=mb
81.170.186.42 SE, Sweden 10/Oct/2025:13:16:13 /travel/czech-republic/prague/?s=mb
208.113.130.160 US, United States 10/Oct/2025:13:16:11 /travel/czech-republic/prague/?s=mb
135.125.104.28 US, United States 10/Oct/2025:13:16:10 /travel/czech-republic/prague/?s=mb
32.217.68.94 US, United States 10/Oct/2025:13:16:10 /travel/czech-republic/prague/?s=mb
73.140.52.101 US, United States 10/Oct/2025:13:16:09 /travel/czech-republic/prague/?s=mb
78.35.145.90 DE, Germany 10/Oct/2025:13:16:08 /travel/czech-republic/prague/?s=mb
57.128.95.174 BE, Belgium 10/Oct/2025:13:16:07 /travel/czech-republic/prague/?s=mb
217.58.122.215 IT, Italy 10/Oct/2025:13:16:06 /travel/czech-republic/prague/?s=mb
149.255.35.66 US, United States 10/Oct/2025:13:16:06 /travel/czech-republic/prague/?s=mb
66.249.66.3 US, United States 10/Oct/2025:13:16:04 /travel/greece/greek/conjunctions.html
84.247.88.246 RO, Romania 10/Oct/2025:13:15:58 /turkish/orthography.html
84.247.88.246 RO, Romania 10/Oct/2025:13:15:57 /turkish/orthography.html
84.247.88.246 RO, Romania 10/Oct/2025:13:15:57 /turkish/orthography.html
216.73.216.137 US, United States 10/Oct/2025:13:15:55 /blog/2022/09/09-quantum-computing-and-quantum-safe.html
66.148.120.148 US, United States 10/Oct/2025:13:15:54 /travel/czech-republic/prague/?s=mb
20.0.53.110 US, United States 10/Oct/2025:13:15:53 /travel/athens-to-paris/thessaloniki-sofia.html
90.176.198.161 CZ, Czech Republic 10/Oct/2025:13:15:53 /open-source/samba-active-directory/samba.html
104.23.239.32 US, United States 10/Oct/2025:13:15:50 /
17.22.237.194 US, United States 10/Oct/2025:13:15:40 /travel/france/canal-du-midi/port-cassafieres-to-beziers.html
66.249.92.2 US, United States 10/Oct/2025:13:15:40 /open-source/google-freebsd-tls/apache-http2-php.html
107.136.238.35 US, United States 10/Oct/2025:13:15:36 /travel/trinidad/background.html?s=mb
47.128.63.225 CA, Canada 10/Oct/2025:13:15:30 /travel/jordan/
222.216.230.21 CN, China 10/Oct/2025:13:15:27 /open-source/google-freebsd-tls/apache-http2-php.html
90.176.198.161 CZ, Czech Republic 10/Oct/2025:13:15:24 /open-source/samba-active-directory/dns.html
198.50.117.49 US, United States 10/Oct/2025:13:15:13 /travel/czech-republic/prague/?s=mb
208.87.128.240 US, United States 10/Oct/2025:13:15:11 /travel/czech-republic/prague/?s=mb
91.135.7.214 GB, United Kingdom 10/Oct/2025:13:15:10 /travel/czech-republic/prague/?s=mb
137.184.182.149 US, United States 10/Oct/2025:13:15:09 /travel/czech-republic/prague/?s=mb
82.220.39.169 CH, Switzerland 10/Oct/2025:13:15:09 /travel/czech-republic/prague/?s=mb
132.226.208.91 US, United States 10/Oct/2025:13:15:08 /travel/czech-republic/prague/?s=mb
159.89.120.173 CA, Canada 10/Oct/2025:13:15:07 /travel/czech-republic/prague/?s=mb
65.109.49.87 US, United States 10/Oct/2025:13:15:07 /travel/czech-republic/prague/?s=mb
159.69.180.223 DE, Germany 10/Oct/2025:13:15:07 /travel/czech-republic/prague/?s=mb
157.180.57.100 SE, Sweden 10/Oct/2025:13:15:06 /travel/czech-republic/prague/?s=mb
91.196.222.224 Unknown 10/Oct/2025:13:15:04 /travel/czech-republic/prague/?s=mb
38.242.215.131 US, United States 10/Oct/2025:13:15:04 /travel/czech-republic/prague/?s=mb
95.216.74.103 FI, Finland 10/Oct/2025:13:15:04 /travel/czech-republic/prague/?s=mb
85.119.80.254 GB, United Kingdom 10/Oct/2025:13:15:04 /travel/czech-republic/prague/?s=mb
78.44.103.166 CZ, Czech Republic 10/Oct/2025:13:15:03 /travel/czech-republic/prague/?s=mb
199.189.201.32 CA, Canada 10/Oct/2025:13:15:03 /travel/czech-republic/prague/?s=mb
89.58.36.157 DE, Germany 10/Oct/2025:13:15:03 /travel/czech-republic/prague/?s=mb
176.33.247.137 TR, Turkey 10/Oct/2025:13:15:03 /travel/czech-republic/prague/?s=mb
148.252.100.95 NO, Norway 10/Oct/2025:13:15:03 /travel/czech-republic/prague/?s=mb
99.154.128.1 US, United States 10/Oct/2025:13:15:03 /travel/czech-republic/prague/?s=mb
45.77.5.31 US, United States 10/Oct/2025:13:15:03 /travel/czech-republic/prague/?s=mb
94.130.67.178 DE, Germany 10/Oct/2025:13:15:02 /travel/czech-republic/prague/?s=mb
141.95.205.35 GB, United Kingdom 10/Oct/2025:13:15:02 /travel/czech-republic/prague/?s=mb
176.9.111.120 DE, Germany 10/Oct/2025:13:15:01 /travel/czech-republic/prague/?s=mb
169.61.78.163 US, United States 10/Oct/2025:13:15:01 /travel/czech-republic/prague/?s=mb
104.168.122.240 US, United States 10/Oct/2025:13:15:01 /travel/czech-republic/prague/?s=mb
79.117.22.65 RO, Romania 10/Oct/2025:13:15:01 /travel/czech-republic/prague/?s=mb
193.30.122.175 DE, Germany 10/Oct/2025:13:15:01 /travel/czech-republic/prague/?s=mb
131.150.16.151 US, United States 10/Oct/2025:13:15:01 /travel/czech-republic/prague/?s=mb
151.80.33.67 FR, France 10/Oct/2025:13:15:01 /travel/czech-republic/prague/?s=mb
5.75.243.239 IR, Iran, Islamic Republic of 10/Oct/2025:13:15:00 /travel/czech-republic/prague/?s=mb
65.109.234.6 US, United States 10/Oct/2025:13:15:00 /travel/czech-republic/prague/?s=mb
192.155.85.176 US, United States 10/Oct/2025:13:15:00 /travel/czech-republic/prague/?s=mb
71.135.1.217 US, United States 10/Oct/2025:13:15:00 /travel/czech-republic/prague/?s=mb
174.136.148.94 US, United States 10/Oct/2025:13:15:00 /travel/czech-republic/prague/?s=mb
45.43.14.223 US, United States 10/Oct/2025:13:15:00 /travel/czech-republic/prague/?s=mb
141.95.205.35 GB, United Kingdom 10/Oct/2025:13:15:00 /travel/czech-republic/prague/?s=mb
212.52.0.110 NL, Netherlands 10/Oct/2025:13:14:59 /travel/czech-republic/prague/?s=mb
5.78.68.112 IR, Iran, Islamic Republic of 10/Oct/2025:13:14:59 /travel/czech-republic/prague/?s=mb
159.223.195.78 US, United States 10/Oct/2025:13:14:59 /travel/czech-republic/prague/?s=mb
154.26.155.147 US, United States 10/Oct/2025:13:14:59 /travel/czech-republic/prague/?s=mb
128.0.64.88 NL, Netherlands 10/Oct/2025:13:14:59 /travel/czech-republic/prague/?s=mb
65.109.134.148 US, United States 10/Oct/2025:13:14:58 /travel/czech-republic/prague/?s=mb
209.126.5.25 US, United States 10/Oct/2025:13:14:58 /travel/czech-republic/prague/?s=mb
15.204.58.32 US, United States 10/Oct/2025:13:14:58 /travel/czech-republic/prague/?s=mb
3.8.176.32 US, United States 10/Oct/2025:13:14:58 /travel/czech-republic/prague/?s=mb
87.106.57.214 DE, Germany 10/Oct/2025:13:14:58 /travel/czech-republic/prague/?s=mb
78.46.85.77 DE, Germany 10/Oct/2025:13:14:58 /travel/czech-republic/prague/?s=mb
141.148.226.30 US, United States 10/Oct/2025:13:14:58 /travel/czech-republic/prague/?s=mb
152.53.108.152 US, United States 10/Oct/2025:13:14:57 /travel/czech-republic/prague/?s=mb
104.28.211.31 US, United States 10/Oct/2025:13:14:57 /travel/czech-republic/prague/?s=mb
50.230.231.66 US, United States 10/Oct/2025:13:14:57 /travel/czech-republic/prague/?s=mb
199.47.146.36 US, United States 10/Oct/2025:13:14:57 /travel/czech-republic/prague/?s=mb
86.48.6.168 DK, Denmark 10/Oct/2025:13:14:56 /travel/czech-republic/prague/?s=mb
188.245.189.55 IR, Iran, Islamic Republic of 10/Oct/2025:13:14:56 /travel/czech-republic/prague/?s=mb
64.23.175.205 US, United States 10/Oct/2025:13:14:56 /travel/czech-republic/prague/?s=mb
137.184.40.150 US, United States 10/Oct/2025:13:14:56 /travel/czech-republic/prague/?s=mb
57.128.95.173 BE, Belgium 10/Oct/2025:13:14:56 /travel/czech-republic/prague/?s=mb
163.192.126.71 US, United States 10/Oct/2025:13:14:56 /travel/czech-republic/prague/?s=mb
54.187.192.246 US, United States 10/Oct/2025:13:14:56 /travel/czech-republic/prague/?s=mb
3.91.70.155 US, United States 10/Oct/2025:13:14:56 /travel/czech-republic/prague/?s=mb
152.173.112.151 CL, Chile 10/Oct/2025:13:14:56 /travel/czech-republic/prague/?s=mb
213.239.192.8 DE, Germany 10/Oct/2025:13:14:55 /travel/czech-republic/prague/?s=mb
93.119.5.133 RO, Romania 10/Oct/2025:13:14:55 /travel/czech-republic/prague/?s=mb
88.146.116.75 CZ, Czech Republic 10/Oct/2025:13:14:55 /travel/czech-republic/prague/?s=mb
57.128.95.181 BE, Belgium 10/Oct/2025:13:14:55 /travel/czech-republic/prague/?s=mb
178.62.64.18 GB, United Kingdom 10/Oct/2025:13:14:55 /travel/czech-republic/prague/?s=mb
88.99.91.59 DE, Germany 10/Oct/2025:13:14:55 /travel/czech-republic/prague/?s=mb
5.161.74.177 IR, Iran, Islamic Republic of 10/Oct/2025:13:14:54 /travel/czech-republic/prague/?s=mb
57.128.118.171 BE, Belgium 10/Oct/2025:13:14:54 /travel/czech-republic/prague/?s=mb
143.198.230.84 US, United States 10/Oct/2025:13:14:54 /travel/czech-republic/prague/?s=mb
142.181.215.61 CA, Canada 10/Oct/2025:13:14:53 /travel/czech-republic/prague/?s=mb
81.187.6.169 GB, United Kingdom 10/Oct/2025:13:14:53 /travel/czech-republic/prague/?s=mb
192.99.237.212 CA, Canada 10/Oct/2025:13:14:53 /travel/czech-republic/prague/?s=mb

Here's what's going on.

Each line above is a request from a client, extracted from Nginx's /var/www/logs/httpd-access.log file. The client IP address, timestamp, and requested path were selected with awk and the client IP address converted to a country if possible with geoiplookup.

Geolocate IP

You can use a service such as Abstract's IP geolocation to check if the conversion was successful, or if the client IP address is the exit portal of a VPN.

The first 3 octets or first 24 bits of the IP address are used to specify the hue, with chroma at 75% and intensity at 100%. The resulting red, green, and blue values are scaled to the range of 0-255 and printed as two-character hexadecimal in an HTML style string.

Low-numbered /8 networks appear as red, 20.0.0.0/8 through 40.0.0.0/8 are orange shifting to yellow, 50.0.0.0/8 through 110.0.0.0/8 are shades of green, the /16 networks 130.0.0.0/16 through about 180.0.0.0/16 are shades of blue, then it's shades of purple into magenta for the /24 networks 192.0.0.0/24 and up through 223.255.255.0/24.

The HTML file on the server has a line where PHP uses passthru() to call the following shell script:

#!/bin/sh

# Initial pipeline:
# tail		Just the last 200 (or slightly less after the grep)
# grep		... just the requests out of that
# cat | sort	... put into reverse order
# sed		... remove the quotes and square brackets
# awk		... print the IP address twice, timestamp, and requested path
# sed		... remove the first 3 dots to split first version of IP
#			address into octets, and remove any characters that
#			could cause trouble when inserted into this page
# I need to use the client IP address, field #5 at that point, to call
# geoiplookup.  So, send the initial pipeline into a while loop that
# assigns variables, sets a new variable, and then echoes the resulting
# collection into awk.
tail -200 /var/www/logs/access_log |
	grep 'GET.*200' |
	cat -n | sort -nr |
	sed -e 's/"/ /g' -e 's/\[//g' -e 's/\]//g' |
	awk '{print $2, $2, $5, $8}' |
	sed -e 's/\./ /' -e 's/\./ /' -e 's/\./ /' -e 's/[<>]//g' |
	while read IP1 IP2 IP3 IP4 CLIENTIP TIMESTAMP URL
	do
		COUNTRY=$( geoiplookup $CLIENTIP |
				sed 's/.*Edition: //' |
				sed 's/IP Address not found/Unknown/' )
		echo $IP1 $IP2 $IP3 $IP4 $CLIENTIP $COUNTRY $TIMESTAMP $URL |
		awk '{
			ip1 = $1;
			ip2 = $2;
			ip3 = $3;
			chroma = 0.75;
			hue = 6*(ip1*255*255 + ip2*255 + ip3)/(255*255*255);
			if (hue%2 > 1) {
				x = chroma*(1.0 - (hue%2 - 1));
			} else {
				x = chroma*(1.0 - (1 - hue%2));
			}
			if (hue < 1.0) {
				r = chroma;
				g = x;
				b = 0;
			} else if (hue < 2.0) {
				r = x;
				g = chroma;
				b = 0;
			} else if (hue < 3.0) {
				r = 0;
				g = chroma;
				b = x;
			} else if (hue < 4.0) {
				r = 0;
				g = x;
				b = chroma;
			} else if (hue < 5.0) {
				r = x;
				g = 0;
				b = chroma;
			} else {
				r = chroma;
				g = 0;
				b = x;
			}
			r = (r + 0.25)*255;
			g = (g + 0.25)*255;
			b = (b + 0.25)*255;

			printf("<div class=\"col-12 textleft\" ");
			printf("style=\"color:#000; background:#%02x%02x%02x;\"> ", r, g, b);
			for (i = 5; i <= NF; i++) {
				printf("%s ", $i);
			}
			printf("</div>\n");
		}'
	done 

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